Politics of Int. Law - humanitarian intervention and human rights Essay

Legislative issues of Int. Law - compassionate mediation and human rights - Essay Example The obstruction in a free state by another with the point of consummation or diminishing tribulation inside the primary state is considered as philanthropic mediation. The enduring might be of common war, yearning or massacre. Helpful intercession ought not attack the state, nor change the state's regional trustworthiness however with the aim to decrease the enduring of regular citizens in that state. The philanthropic mediation is supported fundamentally by its good and moral methodology towards human sufferings, for example, common war, craving or massacre. This thought is underscored in the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ written in 1948 and engaged United Nations Security Council, a super-national body, to act and ensure the human rights. The United Nations Charter restricts countries from assaulting other free states in the appearance of illuminating the human rights infringement. Such occurrences of compassionate military intercessions by solid forces or al liances with the expectations of their own geopolitical advantages are normal on the planet history.

The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada Essay Example

The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada Essay Example The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada Paper The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada Paper Gazed (consequently Three Burials) is a thunderous pictorial, which ponders upon male fellowship, misfortune, revenge, wrongdoing, and cross-fringe differentiates that Incidentally, are gently reflected by the coordinated effort of executive Jones and screenwriter Raging. The are inconspicuous implications of political critique with respect to the territory of Mexican work, outskirt watches and the uncivilized maltreatment Mexicans face when attempting to make another life for themselves. The film brings story components and topical subtleties together, as any traditional peak would, while persistently uncovering more. The excursion, both truly (to Mexico) and the figurative so unexpectedly uncovered in the labeling as one to reclamation is discernable all through the image, however the crowd may neglect to see that they themselves are taken on their very own excursion on, an excursion on finding the Why to the passing of our Mexican saint. The story turns upon the incidental shooting off Mexican farm hand, Stared by an outskirt patrolman Norton and the ensuing activities embraced by Stratas faithful companion Perkins following his demise. The nonlinear narrating style is conscious as Raging Wanted the character and every other person to be befuddled about cap occurred (Moore, 2005) and the stories are a combination of flashback and consequence. Stories, plural, Is utilized in light of the fact that Three Burials starts as two separate story components which possibly work together when Norton and Perkins make their constrained colleague. One of the accounts centers around the present whereby Pete is looking for the Who associated with Stratas demise and the second the story behind Norton and his Barbie-doll, previous secondary school dear spouse exhausted and caught in a horrid marriage in a considerably drearier town. We are aware of Stratas passing before understanding his companionship with Perkins and the record of Stratas entombments is Rosen up and replayed threefold, the first run through as a disaster, the second as a joke and the third a blend of both (Quinn, 2006). The cracked record of Stratas end had the splendid impact of placing this crowd into a languid break yet unexpectedly enough the film made up for Itself all through. As referenced over, different points of view focusing the shooting happened, with each edge uncovering somewhat more to the Invariable Why. The different points of view feature the hazy area, which makes characterizing the great and terrible of any human character such an incomprehensible inquire. A keeps an eye on death could be a riddle, a wrongdoing, a mishap. The reason for the initial forty minutes is to set up the ethical significance of the excursion and two things were built up: the profound, adoring fellowship of Stared and Perkins which must be set up to approve Perkins later impulse for Justice and Norton as an extremist, narrow minded, biased character who ought to be tormented into reclamation. The absence of discourse is offset by the characters activities which talk boisterously, and Three Burials may have even played better with less data and a specific pundit advertisement a sneaking doubt that the film would be more grounded in the event that we never observed Stared alive (The Clumsy Din of Chance, 2007). The shopping center entertainers inconspicuously assemble unmistakable characters. Perkins life Is to a great extent Inscrutable yet It turns out to be Increasingly apparent that his activities are not those out of grandiosity however Instead the result of a genuine commitment to his outside companion just as a way to his own all out self-Telemeter Ana Napless. When, at ten Ana AT ten film, Taller weaving machines Pete, you want to see him attempting to hold his disintegrating perspective together (The Clumsy Din of Chance, 2007). Norton who puts on a show of being the regular uneducated, unlikable, unworldly, uninformed American shocks this crowd by his simple acknowledgment of discipline, which was unmistakably more intriguing than the roughness and contentiousness anticipated. Justifiably, he is resolved and troublesome at first, as found in the locations of various endeavored and bombed get away yet his fast gathering of his seized status drives this crowd to accept that anyway disagreeable and horrendous Norton is, he despite everything keeps up some similarity to goodness and sense of pride in needing to discover the way to reclamation. The optional characters to be specific a coffee shop server, Rachel, and Norths spouse, Lou Ann, are just highlighted on one side of the stream, in the cleaned out blue, clean little Texas town where the general air is so abusive and depressing that local people can just get their diversion by laying down with every others wives since this impasse bordertown with its trailer stops and get trucks and friendless burger joints has nothing better to offer. Rachel, who is later uncovered to be Perkins extreme bliss and concealed explanation for such a laborious endeavor, is hitched to the coffee shop proprietor and gets to know Lou Ann who in any case uproarious not be gotten dead with such a lady on the off chance that she were still in her yearned for Cincinnati. Of all shocks uncovered is the disclosure that Perkins and Stared had a twofold date with Rachel and Lou Ann, with the two gatherings individually winding up in their separate shabby inn rooms. Despite the fact that Jones and Raging doesn't besmirch our perspective on Stratas goodness with revolting sexual scenes with his killers spouse, rather deciding to delineate Stared and Lou Ann.s evening delight with an honest, practically charming move, the incongruity is that paying little mind to what the crowd sees or not, Stared had a modest undertaking with Norths wife. In spite of the fact that Norton never finds his wifes offense, can Stratas demise at Norths hand be justified? Is there a rebuilding of some similarity to enormous request? The imperceptible hand of God is as usual, omnisciently present. The degree of Pets association with Rachel is for the most part stressed in the saloon scene where Perkins anticipates a significant distance association with Rachel. At this phase in his Journey, he is depleted, focused on his job as criminal, while firmly familiar with a decaying body, and Perkins is starting to lose his brain. Possibly its the various blend of the miss-en-scene that meets with his frequency. Further resounding Norths frequency is the peculiar sound of a radio dial, diverts blurring in and out, just as his brain were a reception apparatus checking out remote recurrence. A few characters have blamed him for being insane at this point. Next comes the call and Perkins requests that Rachel leave her significant other and come wed him in Mexico. She had recently revealed to Perkins she cherished him. Sadly, she denies him: Pete you dont comprehend, I need to go. He hangs up the telephone and sways out of the saloon and into somewhat shed. He gradually opens up the covers from his solitary companion, the long bad Stared. Our disturb with the cadaver isn't reflected in Perkins face in any case. He can just express, muff look awful, child, as he continues to brush him with a pony brush, pulling the hair wipe off his head with a dull scratching sound. Vanquished, he droops back against the shed divider, surrendered to absolute estrangement. This could be the movies highlight, communicating the perfection of two opposing Impulses unmannerly ten whole Tall: ten sentimental guarantee AT ten Western tale and the material disavowal of its chance (Strange, 2009). Oh, dazzling, invigorating Mexico doesn't satisfy its guarantee to this cowpoke.

Research Essay Writing - How to Research For Your Essay

Research Essay Writing - How to Research For Your EssayResearch essay writing is sometimes just as important as your actual essay. You should have a great set of research data to work with before you start writing. Make sure that you have found the research that you need in order to craft an essay that is well researched and written. This will help ensure that you can write a good research essay on time.Many students find that their essays can become rather boring without all of the proper research. As long as you can get your hands on a ton of information, then you will be able to pull it all together and compose a well-written essay that people will like. In this article, you will learn more about how to research for your essay.It is good to get a lot of research out of your system when you are preparing for your assignment. There are many things that you can do in order to make sure that you have completed enough research to pass the test. One way to make sure that you do this is to keep a list of every single topic that you know about. You can then refer back to these topics each time you read through your assignments.Also, you should keep a log of your research topics. For example, if you are writing an essay about why men cheat, then you should note down any particular reasons that you have come across that were related to the topic. This will help you compile a full list of questions that you may want to ask yourself before writing your essay.Once you have compiled your research topic list, then you should focus on researching the specific topics that you have on hand. If you are researching a science topic, then you can use a book on that topic. If you are researching a particular type of religious faith, then you can use online books or magazines. Just make sure that you know how to cite your sources properly.Once you have gone through your research, then you should turn to your writing. You can begin by determining what theme you would like to follow. For example, if you were writing an essay about marketing, then you would choose to write about marketing, sales, and marketing. Make sure that you know what type of market that you are covering before you start writing.Next, you should write down what you have learned about your topic. This is an important step because you will be able to use this information to help you write your essay. You should always make sure that you have researched the information that you need in order to have the best possible essay that you can write.Finally, you should put your essay together. Once you have completed all of the research, then you can turn to your writing and write the most interesting and insightful essay that you can. Make sure that you carefully read through your work so that you can ensure that it is as good as it can be.

A Great Tree Has Fallen Words of Chinua Achebe Essay

Chinua Achebe Imaginative literature †¦ does not enslave; it liberates the mind of man. Its truth is not like the canons of orthodoxy or the irrationality of prejudice and superstition. It begins as an adventure in self-discovery and ends in wisdom and humane conscience. â€Å"The Truth of Fiction† in Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays 1988 In the mid 20th century Africa was once more starting to find its own voice, having been gagged by centuries of colonial oppression. For all that time the story of Africa had been told by Europeans, and the narrative they presented was a shoddy one. The black man; if in fact a brother was certainly at most a junior sibling. As such, when Africa did eventually open its own mouth to speak, the rest the†¦show more content†¦Achebe borrowed themes from his childhood brought up Christian in a traditional Igbo village, forbidden to speak his native language at school. Things Fall Apart went on to become one of the most important books in African literature, selling over 8 million copies around the world. In 1960 Achebe published his second book â€Å"No Longer at Ease† about Obi Okonkwo, who leaves his village for a British education and a job in the Nigerian colonial civil service. Achebe based this book on his experience in working in Lagos in a country on the threshold of independence. Achebe continued to write books while working in several positions at the Nigerian Broadcasting Service until the civil war between Nigerian forces and the secessionist Biafra Republic forced Achebe and his family to flee their home. Achebe’s family relocated to the Biafran capital of Aba, during this time Achebe concentrated mainly on his poetry, later stating that the short, intense form was more in keeping with his mood, a consequence of living in a war zone. Achebe was a supporter of Biafran independence and went on a tour of the US to along with fellow writers Cyprian Ekwensi and Gabriel Okara in an effort to raise support for the cause. However in January 1970 the Biafran forces surrendered. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat Drives a Man1606 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Drives A Man What makes a successful man? This, in itself, is a culture bound question because it can vary from culture to culture. However, in the perception of Okonkwo, the main character in Chinua Achebe s novel, Things Fall Apart, the measure of a man s success is based on two elements, material acquisition and growth, and physical prowess. This is ironic for Okonkwo since his people s typical idea of success seems to be constructed of a complex, strong spiritual culture, seeminglyRead More The Character of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart What makes a successful man? This, in itself, is a culture bound question because it can vary from culture to culture. However, in the perception of Okonkwo, the main character in Chinua Achebes novel, Things Fall Apart, the measure of a mans success is based on two elements, material acquisition and growth, and physical prowess. This is ironic for Okonkwo since his peoples typical idea of success seems to be constructedRead More Things Fall Apart Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pages Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. New York, New York Copyright 1959 Author Biography Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, or Chinua Achebe, was born November 16, 1930, in Ogidi, Nigeria. His parents were Janet N. Achebe, and Isaiah Okafo, a teacher in a missionary school. Mr. Achebe was educated at the University College of Ibadan, but also attended Government College in 1944. He wrote his first novel, Things Fall Apart, in 1958. During the Biafran War,Read MoreEssay on Gender Roles in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe2254 Words   |  10 PagesUpon an initial reading of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, it is easy to blame the demise of Okonkwo’s life and of the Umofia community on the imperialistic invasions of the white men. After all, Okonkwo seemed to be enjoying relative peace and happiness before then. He did have a few mishaps; one of them resulted in him being exiled for eight years. Nonetheless, he returned to his home town with high spirits and with prospects of increased success. However, everything has changed. The white men haveRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1543 Words   |  7 Pagescorpse from a live human being. It is energy that unites the body, mind and spirit. This concept is one that we all would be familiar with and has its origins in early Chinese philosophy, but in terms of the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† written by Chinua Achebe in 1958, this concept of chi differs slightly. In Igbo there are two distinct meanings of the word chi, the first is often translated as guardian angel, personal spirit etc. and the second day or daylight and is most commonly used for the transitionalRead MoreChinua Achebe s The Of The Sea Again Home Again, Jiggety Jig 3137 Words   |  13 Pagesexile for self-preservation and the exile of Chinua Achebe, himself. Americans in the United States have difficulty comprehending the idea of expatriation from their homeland as the Constitution of the United States guarantees many rights not evident in other countries. Countries with governing bodies having mindse ts of dictatorships and monarchies, predominantly found in the young yet ancient peoples of Africa, which according to Wallechinsky has eight of twenty worst tyrants in 2006. ManyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century

The Role Of Different Projects Management Techniques

ABSTRACT: The role of different project management techniques Is to implement projects successfully has been widely established in areas such as the planning and control of time, cost and quality. In spite of this the distinction between the project and project management is less than precise. This paper aims to identify the overlap between the definition of the project and project management and to discuss how the confusion between the two may affect their relationship. It identifies the different individuals involved on the project and project management, together with their objectives, expectations and influences. It demonstrates how a better appreciation of the distinction between the two will bring a higher possibility of project†¦show more content†¦the Thames Barrier, the Fulmar North Sea oil project or Concorde, all of which turned out to be relative successes, even though the project control aspect of them failed. It can therefore be argued that the relationship between the t wo is less dependent than was first assumed, and in order to measure project success a distinction should be made between the success of a project and the success of the project management activity. This paper attempts to provide a logic for the distinction between project management and the project. Starting from a definition of the two terms, it will outline the factors which affect their success, the individuals involved and their respective orientations and the relationship between these elements. It also discusses the implications of the situation where the project fails but the project management process is perceived to have succeeded or vice versa. Project success or failure: The definition of a project has suggested that there is an orientation towards higher and long-term goals. Important parameters within the goals will be return on investment, profitability, competition and market ability. A range of variables and factors will affect the ability to achieve these goals, which have been identified by various authors. The following list has been derived from the writings of Cash and Fox 4, Baker et al.5 6, Kerzner 3, Wit 2 and KumarT:

Personal Statement On Family Therapy Essay - 1775 Words

Growing up I dealt with many forms of abuse, and due to all the trauma, I had a lot of built up aggression. Unfortunately, at the time I felt there was no other way to express myself except to act out in an aggressive manner. As a result, I lost many close friends, and missed many good opportunities. Thus, I was required to go to intensive family therapy for three days a week, with a woman named Julie. Fortunately, after therapy I saw a change in myself, and I began to learn new skills to communicate, and cope with my anger. Although, I’ve gone to see many therapists before, Julie was the one counselor that gave me hope, and after meeting her my life has positively changed. This experience of going to family therapy, and meeting Julie has influenced me to want to help other troubled teens who have dealt with abuse. Upon graduating from Heritage University with a Bachelor’s degree in Social Work, I have two goals that I plan on achieving. My long-term goal is to start my own private practice, so I can counsel at risk youth. I plan on providing services such as cognitive therapy, employment resources, and family therapy. However, I will specialize in working at risk youth with behavioral problems. In addition, I will continue to pursue my education, and get a M.S.W in Social Work. I plan on earning my M.S.W. in Social Work at Eastern University, so I can earn a counseling certification. However, my short-term goal is work as a social worker helping at risk teens in theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Family Therapy1246 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Family Therapy can be implemented in a different ways in a program that provides a facet of services, but it’s imperative that the approaches used are appropriate for the individual or families utilizing services. Functional Family Therapy is used to help deal with substance abuse in families but can also be used to assist with behavioral issues in children. A well rounded family service program can not only use this one approach but utilize other approaches to meet the needs of the populationRead MoreWhy A Phd Is Necessary For Your Career Goals1662 Words   |  7 Pages1. Why do you want to complete a PhD in Marriage and Family Therapy? What do you intend to do professionally after you graduate? Please explain why a PhD is necessary for you to achieve your career goals. These questions assess the strength of your motivations, which is an indication of your ability to succeed in the program. Describe your experience and interest in research. What research question might you w ant to answer with your dissertation? Do you desire to teach? If so, in what context? WhatRead MoreA Research Study On The Family Process Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesBowenian therapist to evaluate the family process are questions, experiments and displacement stories. During the course of therapy, the clinician asks many questions. The therapist can ask process questions as a way to lessen anxiety and learn how the family operates (Miller, 2010). Relationship experiments are another useful tool to foster insight. A relationship experiment is an assigned behavioral task to identify and modify current dysfunction among family system members. Displacement storesRead MoreFamily Crucible Family Systems Theory1249 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper will use the book The Family Crucible to demonstrate the authors’ family systems approach to therapy. Narrative theory is compared and contrasted with family systems theory, and is ultimately integrated into my own theoretical foundation for practice as a social worker. Family Systems Therapy In The Family Crucible, Augustus Napier and Carl Whitaker’s form of therapy was strongly influenced by family systems theory, a burgeoning theory of the time. General systems theoryRead MoreHumanistic And Experiential And Emotionally Focused Theories793 Words   |  4 PagesWright Marriage, Couple, and Family Therapy HUMN – 6356 – 3 Dr. Emmett Roberts Walden University March 20, 2016 Humanistic Theory is the main focus on self, which transcends into â€Å"you† and â€Å"your†, then it will be about your experiences. It was mentioned that a person is free to choose their own behavior than just reacting to environmental stimulants and reinforcements (www.answers.com). Then with Humanistic Theory it is mostly focused on to facilitate personal development all together. TheRead MoreNursing Case And Care Plan Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies to ensure that Mr. Smith’s pain is adequately addressed is to deal with personal and/or spiritual issues. This is primarily because Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people tend to consider factors that are associated with ill health such as pain and discomfort as personal or spiritual issues (Commonwealth of Australian, 2005). This implies that dealing with pain would require dealing with personal or spiritual issues as well as cultural transgression since it influences Mr. Smith’sRead MoreStructural Family Theory And Its Effects On Family1470 Words   |  6 Pagescertain family members are negative or positive. As well as diving into the functions of families, and how members interact with each other. Minuchin’s theory consists of a heavy emphasis on family functioning, rather than looking into the language systems (Levy, p. 57). Then, leading families to reflect back on how they respond as family to a crisis, will assist in determining the family’s strengths and weaknesses will be important in understanding the thoughts and feelings of the family membersRead MoreEssay Small Group Proposal1375 Words   |  6 PagesSmall Group Proposal Mental Health Group for Adolescent Boys                            I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract- brief statement summarizing concept and rationale for the group The small group that is being proposed is designed for adolescent boys, ages 13-17, who have been recently diagnosed with a mental illness. The focus of the treatment group is for the boys to come to accept their mental illness using the seven stages of death designed by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. Read MoreReflection Paper On Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1163 Words   |  5 Pagesmy thoughts had on my behavior was in middle school. Growing up in a poor family, college was just a dream I wished to achieve. I knew for it to be achievable, I needed to succeed academically. Unfortunately, I did not think I had the skills or abilities to do so. Negative thoughts about my ability to succeed in school haunted me. I was constantly comparing myself to those around me. Knowing only a few people in my family graduated from high school only furthered my negative thoughts. The fear ofRead MoreMy Future As A School Counselor1605 Words   |  7 Pagescontacting a health care provider or s chool staff about their child’s difficulties, 49% reported their child with prescribed medication, and 44% reported their child had received treatment other than medication (Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2008). Theories of counseling are based on a theoretical framework of understanding, interpretation, and integrity. It is not a matter of a theory being â€Å"right or â€Å"wrong,† as every theory offers a unique contribution to understanding human

Battle for Broadband free essay sample

This is a critique of the article Technology: The Battle for Broadband by Neil Munro and Teri Rucker, National Journal, 2001. This paper briefly examines this article that discusses the problems facing the technology market at present. The writer claims that the article lacks substance that as a descriptive article it would be perfect, as an argumentative one it fails. The main part of the article discusses the debate that surrounds the progress of broadband technology in the future. The authors present the four main groups, which have a stake in the ultimate result of the broadband legislatures that will be created by the government. The authors focus on Rep. W.J. Billy Tauzins the Louisiana Republican, who is also the Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, and his bill that requires Telecommunications Act of 1996 to change giving Baby Bells, the telephone companies that control the regional markets more independence on issues related with broadband. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle for Broadband or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Covering a wide spectrum of the debate the writers give the complete and concise interpretation of the issues that concern the various stakeholders who are involved in the paradigm. Contending that these stakeholders are basically the cable television companies, regional phone-service providers, competitive telecom firms, and wireless and satellite companies they suggest exactly why each is so involved in the outcome of the debate and legislature under question.

World Energy Consumption Essay Example

World Energy Consumption Essay World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth [6] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism . Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. Onthe one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend.On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1. 1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0. 6% in 2009). [7] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, sp ecifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4. 7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels.In North America, Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4. 5%, 5% and 8. 5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the worlds largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the worlds energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474? 1018 J=132,000 TWh).This is equivalent to an average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1. 504? 1013 W)[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ ( 14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh). [8] World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. 9] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%. [10] Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm ), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh). [11] Most of the worlds energy resources are from the suns rays hitting earth.Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earths atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6. 9% during a year—from 1412 W m? in early January to 1321 W m? 2 in early July, due to the Earths varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1. 740? 1017 W), plus or minus 3. 5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earths surface. [citation needed] The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0. YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nu clear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2. 5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0. 6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3. 8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources. |Contents | |1 Emissions | |2 Primary energy | |2. 1 Fossil fuels | |2. 2 Coal | 2. 3 Oil | |2. 4 Gas | |2. 5 Nuclear power | |2. 6 Renewable energy | |2. 6. 1 Hydropower | |2. 6. 2 Biomass and biofuels | |2. 6. 3 Wind power | |2. 6. 4 Solar power | |2. 6. 5 Geothermal | |3 By country | 4 By sector | |5 Alternative energy paths | |6 See also | |7 References | |8 Further reading | |9 External links | Emissions The global warming emissions are the most serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous influence in the climate system. What is dangerous concentration is a subject of debate.Limiting global temperature rise at 2%, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050. [12] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1,5 Â °C temperature rise (2006). 13] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009). [14] Primary energy |World energy and power supply (TWh)[15] | | |Energy |Power | |1990 |102,569 |11,821 | |2000 |117,687 |15,395 | |2005 |133,602 |18,258 | |2008 |143,851 |20,181 | |Source: IEA/OECD | Energy by power source 2008[16] | | |TWh | % | |Oil |48,204 |33,5% | |Coal |38,497 |26,8% | |Gas |30,134 |20,9% | |Nuclear |8,283 |5,8% | |Hydro |3,208 |2,2% | |Other RE* |15,284 |10,6% | |Others |241 |0,2% | |Total |143,851 |100% | |Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels | The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008).World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4,1 fold, EU 1,9 fold and Middle East 1,6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average. [17] In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33. 5%, coal 26. 8%, gas 20. 8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and bi ofuels) 12. 9%, nuclear 5. 8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e. g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[18][16] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008. [19] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy. Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[20][21] | | |kWh/capita |Population (milj) | | | |Fuel type |Average power in TW[22] | | | Fossil fuels Main article: Fossil fuel |Regional co al supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[23] | | | The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. 1] According to the US Energy Information Administrations 2006 estimate, the estimated 471. 8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the worlds energy: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. 24] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U. S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world. [25] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy,[26] was the fastest growing fossil fuel. [27] Coal In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%,North America 25% and the EU 14%.In 2009 the share of China was 47%. [23] [edit] Oil |Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[28] | | | The use of oil doubled in China during 2000–2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2. 5 fold compared to China. [28] [edit] Gas |Regional gas supply (TWh)[29] | | | In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin Amer ica and Russia.Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8. 6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009. [30] [edit] Nuclear power As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors. [31] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009. [31][32] Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1. 8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the worlds electricity demand. [33] Renewable energy Main article: Renewable energyIn 2008, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century[38] reported that renewable energy supplied around 19% of the worlds energy consumption. [39] It should be noted, however, that 68% of energy consumption counted as renewable came in the form of traditional biomass energy, i. e. plant and animal mat ter for heat and cooking fire in developing regions. [39] The renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in 2009 the total new investment was estimated to have been 150 billion US dollars. [40] This resulted in an additional 80 GW of capacity during the year. [41] Hydropower Main article: hydropowerWorldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10. 9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the worlds small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmen tal concerns. 42] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province. Biomass and biofuels Main articles: biomass and biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded. [3] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8. 72 billion US gallons), with mos t of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil. [3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3. 9 billion litres (1. 03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany. [3] Wind power Main article: Wind power At the end of 2009, worldwide wind farm capacity was 157,900 MW, representing an increase of 31 percent during the year,[43] and wind power supplied some 1. % of global electricity consumption. [44] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. [45] The United States is an important growth area and installed U. S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008. [46] Solar power Main article: Solar energy The available solar energy resources are 3. 8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0. 02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nucle ar power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159.In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle. [47][48][49] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable. In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW.Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the worlds largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years. [50] The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded. [3] Geothermal Main article: Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. [51] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating.In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. [3][52] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW. [51] By country See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national pr oduct and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kWh per person and United States with 11. 4 kWh per person.In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use is closer to 0. 7 kWh. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0. 2 kWh per person. The US consumes 25% of the worlds energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4. 59. [53] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5. 5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1. 3 billion people (19. 6% of the world population[53]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1. 6 kWh per person. One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product. By sector World energy use per se ctor[54] | | |2000 |2008 | |Industry | Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total. [55] The other 27% of the worlds energy is lost in energy transmission and generation.In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%. [56] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the worlds electricity plants. [57] Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000. [54] [edit] Alternative energy paths Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations.Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18. 5% of all the electricity in Denmark. [58] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors. [59] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.

I know why the caged bird sing essays

I know why the caged bird sing essays I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings In Maya Angelou's autobiographical novel, "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings", tenderhearted Marguerite Johnson discovers all of the splendors and agonies of growing up in a prejudiced, early twentieth century America. Rotating between the slow country life of Stamps, Arkansas and the fast-pace societies in St. Louis, Missouri and San Francisco, California taught Maya several random aspects of life while showing her segregated America from coast to coast. When Maya was three years old, her mother sent her and Bailey from California to Stamps to stay in the care of their grandmother, Mrs. Annie Henderson. Soon thought of as their real mother, "Momma" raised her grandchildren with the strict Southern principles such as, "wash your feet before you go to bed; always pray to the savior and you shall be forgiven; chores and school come before play; and help those in need and you shall be helped yourself." Bearing those basic principles, Maya and Bailey grew older and wiser in Stamps. However, one day their father rode extravagantly into Stamps and called for his children to return home with him to St. Louis. Bailey, eager to leave the simple family life in Arkansas, agreed immediately, but "tender-hearted" Maya was frightened by the idea of big cities and strange people. In St. Louis, where she was presented an entirely different lifestyle, Maya experienced harrowing moments that caused her yearning for the quiet safety of Stamps. Her mothers boyfriend, Mr. Freeman, sexually abused her twice, and when she testified in court against him, the "important connections" her mother had to the gangsters in St. Louis beat Mr. Freeman to death to disburden the shame from the family. In court, Maya lied, saying that he only touched her once, and the guilt of lying to her closest friend, her brother Bailey, cause Maya to mute herself. Exasperated by a gloomy and morbid girl, Maya and Bailey were ...

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Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay INTRODUCTION This paper is based on a group purchase from the popular coffee house Starbucks. All members were to meet and purchase a beverage and analyse the purchase and reflect on emotions and feelings prior to the purchase and also post purchase. Each group member bought something different so we were therefore able to compare each individuals experience. CONSUMER A Problem Recognition Consumer A and the other consumers recognised the need for a place to meet in order to enjoy some food/a drink that was in the centre of town, within a budget and would not require a reservation. Consumer A wanted a drink but also something more filling and exciting than a regular coffee or tea. This would take the consumer from their actual state to their ideal state (Solomon et al 2010). Information Search Due to the high recognition and availability of the brand, when feeling the need of a drink, hot or cold, Consumer A believe that the Starbucks brand recall is one of the strongest out there. Thus meaning that it is the first one the consumer will think of and additionally the brand is widely available. Particularly in Glasgow central, there is a Starbucks on almost every corner, stimulating both her internal and external information state (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer A and the rest of the group decided upon Starbucks, dismissing other rival retailers such as Costa and Caffe Nero The  consumer thought about what drinks she had seen people get and say was nice, this is known as an internal search, Consumer A also saw another female consumer drinking one of the strawberries and cream frappaccino and thought it looked delicious and the pink and white colour combination is very appealing. Evaluation of alternatives Starbucks was chosen from the consumers evoked set (Solomon et al 2010), due to good marketing. Consumer A showed rational behaviour by opting for a drink that is quite filling so that it was less expensive than buying a drink and a separate snack. Consumer A used her prior knowledge of the drinks she had tried from Starbucks and opted for a drink she knew she liked the taste of rather than variety seeking Consumer A finds that the wide range of options in Starbucks means it can be difficult to make a decision, however they allow you to customise your drink which Consumer A likes as you can get exactly as you want. Purchase Consumer A decided on purchasing the strawberries and cream frappaccino. Consumer A enjoyed her experience overall, service was relatively efficient and her drink did not take long. There was low risk and involvement in the purchase, due to its low price (?3.29) and the nature of the product. Consumer A, did however, feel a little panicked when she went to order as you need to stand in the queue to read the menu boards rather than being able to read and decide before joining the queue. This left Consumer A feeling a bit rushed into the decision. Consumer A was offered cream on top, this left them feeling like it was an added extra, leaving them pleased with their purchase. Post-Purchase Consumer A was very pleased with the purchase as it tasted delicious and was very filling. Whilst Starbucks can be perceived to have some overpriced  products, consumer A did not feel like the frappaciano is one of them, so was satisfied, finding it good value for money. However having seen the high calorie content did make it somewhat less enjoyable as it inspires a little bit of post-purchase guilt. Consumer A decided to push aside any feelings of guilt, a manifestation of cognitive dissonance (Arnould et al 2004). Consumer A felt full and no longer thirsty, it had satisfied her sweet craving and so was now in her ideal state. Consumer A will continue to be a regular customer. Consumer A considers what the drink would be if it were a car, animal and person. If the drink were a car it would probably be a convertible, something fun, quite flash and expensive. If the drink were an animal it would be something relatively exotic and colourful, like a bird of paradise. If the drink was a person, they would be very sweet, probably relatively young, vivacious and excitable, possibly flirty. CONSUMER B The group recognise a problem when they decide they want to meet up but need the convenience of somewhere that does not require a reservation. There are several stores offering similar products in the surrounding area, Costa, Starbucks, Pret a Manger and other less branded coffee shops; constructive processing means the decision to go to Starbucks is made rather quickly; the decision was almost automated due to the knowledge of Starbucks’ product range (Solomon et al, 2010). The group perform an internal search to locate a Starbucks within walking distance from their current position. Whilst in line to order consumer B browses the many drinks on the menu considers the possible flavours and quickly decides to purchase a large cup of tea. The tea is chosen as it is consumer Bs favourite hot drink. As the decision to buy tea was made easily by consumer B there was time left to survey the cakes and biscuits on offer while in the queue; consumer B decided to make a hotspot purchase of a cookie to accompany the tea. Consumer B enjoys the purchase of tea and a cookie which cost ?3.70 which  consumer B believes to be competitively priced with rival stores but overpriced in relation to the cost of manufacture however this has not ruined the experience. Overall the experience was a positive one; service was quick, the store was laid out efficiently, staff were friendly, consumer B enjoyed the social aspect that was made possible due to the homely store and the purchase was satisfactory too. Consumer B considers what tea would be if it was a type of car, animal and person and determines, if a car it would be a Volkswagen Golf as it is without significant changes; if an animal it would be a dog or cat as is a lifelong companion; and if a person someone who was comforting, friendly and dependable. Tea has all of these characteristics to consumer B. (Solomon et al, 2010, pg314) CONSUMER C The group recognise a problem as to what time to meet up, as some group members are not nearby the selected Starbucks, and others only have a small amount of time due to work commitments. They decide to meet as soon as possible at a set point (Starbucks Buchanan Galleries) and to purchase their products as soon as they can so that all members can be involved, and the members that need to leave will just order take-away cups. Consumer C knew that they would need to leave for work soon after she had met the group at Starbucks, so their first thought was that it would be ideal to pick up a take-away cup. This is problem recognition (Solomon et al, 2010) in the customer realising they were currently purchasing a product, but would soon need to leave the location where the product is generally consumed. Pre-purchase research had taught them that Starbucks offer a take-away service. Having made this decision, consumer C now considered her options for a drink. Not particularly liking tea or coffee consumer C decides to buy a hot chocolate, and makes it a small as they are not that hungry. As consumer 2 is paying the cashier offers them cream and marshmallows for a small extra price, and so makes a hotspot decision to purchase cream for on top of the hot chocolate. Consumer C enjoyed the purchase of hot chocolate with cream. It was ideal that they could sit and enjoy the drink with the rest of the group, but leave slightly earlier without having to stop drinking their purchase due to the take-away cup. Compared to home-made products was a lot more enjoyable due to extra touches such as cream and the ability to sit with friends in a comfortable and relaxed environment. Consumer C reflects on their experience of the purchase of a hot chocolate for ?3.40. It was more satisfying than home-made products due to the services it comes with, and was an enjoyable experience with friends. If this product was a car Consumer C thinks it would be a Volkswagen Beetle as it is sweet and almost a bit childish. If it was an animal it would be a sloth because it is relaxed and happy. If it was a person it would be a grandmother type figure, as it is used to cheer people up and as an almost comfort-blanket type product. CONSUMER D The consumers decided to meet to discuss group work issues. Upon deciding a meeting place, there were a few options considered by the consumers: a restaurant or a cafe, as they would provide the perfect space and atmosphere in order to carry out the meeting without any major interruptions and would allow them their own space. Most of the group had already eaten lunch as this was around 2pm, so it was then decided that a cafe would be the most suitable place to meet, allowing them to also enjoy a relaxing hot drink and possibly a cake/pastry. Consumer D already had an idea of a place which would offer the group what they required, due to â€Å"Internal information search†. Consumer D regularly visited Starbucks and had never been let down by their services, they had a very positive image of the brand. They also remembered reading â€Å"Find your local Starbucks and visit us in store for your perfect latte!†(Starbucks official website 2012) on their official website, which coincidently happened to be their favourite hot beverage. A short conversation was  undertaken which involved assessing the nearby coffee shops such as Costa coffee and Pret a Manger, (mainly those who were branded, as the knowledge of their products and services were the highest) it was decided that Starbucks was the preferred option by all consumers. Upon arriving at the nearest Starbucks, consumer D already had decided what drink they were going to purchase (a latte) as they had previously enjoyed the same drink many times before and it was their favourite. As consumer D waited in the queue (queues are present nine times out of ten in most Starbucks although that never hindered the experience) they were faced with all of the cakes and sandwiches that the cafe had to offer. Although consumer D had just eaten lunch, they were almost at eye level with their favourite cake and made a rash decision to purchase it as they usually enjoyed it alongside their favourite drink. After ordering, the assistant then asked for consumer Ds name, to place on the order, to give it a personal touch, to make experience somewhat more pleasant. Taking into consideration all the qualities of the drink, the consumer decided that if it was to be compared to a car, it would most resemble an Audi as it was a safe option, it was reliable and not just a regular coffee, it was an upgraded sophisticated version. If the drink was to be compared to a person, it would most resemble a woman/mother in a well-paid occupation as it gives vibes of confidence and sophistication, due to the sharp coffee taste but also an understanding and warming vibe due to milk being the basis of the drink. It was then considered that if the latte was an animal it would be a Persian Cat, mostly due to the similarity of the colours and the cuddly yet classy image that they project. Consumer D was just as impressed as they always were with their Starbucks purchase; they believe that the brand is very consistent with the quality of their products which draws them in as they never have the risk of being disappointed. Although it cost them ?5.25 for a coffee and a cake, it was not grudged as it is now accepted as the norm for all branded coffee shops. Consumer D had also enjoyed the free Wi-fi, as it assisted the group whilst they were enjoying their beverages so they could socialise, discuss and  research all at the same time. Consumer D identified that the purchase was one of low involvement as during the information search, it was limited and not many options were considered; when it came to the purchase, they knew what they wanted to buy, they didn’t have look into any other product – the behaviour was habitual and post purchase, there was little evaluation on the purchase and no research was undertaken. CONSUMER E Prior to the visit to Starbucks, Consumer E was thrilled at the chosen place of purchase. Consumer E is familiar with the American Coffee House and visits regularly. Although Consumer E has been countless times before, this experience was to be different and the trip was to be made with a group of friends who had not spent time with each other before. Consumer E felt wary and anxious about how the group would all get along and how the experience would be. Consumer E was more concerned about the people attending the meeting than actually making the purchase. Consumers E was considering whether to stick with the regular order or try something new to add to the whole new experience. Consumer E gathered information from the Starbucks website on what other beverages and snacks they serve to be prepared for meeting. Consumer E had decided on the purchase going to be made, however, before doing so, compared alternatives on the menu by analysing nutrition information. Consumer E then confirm ed her choice before the day of the meeting. Friday 15th February was the day the group planned to meet at the Coffee House. Consumer E was running late so felt rushed when arriving. The remainder of the group were already sitting down, chatting, and seemed delighted that Consumer E had finally arrived. After around 5 minutes of brief chat, the group were ready to make their purchase. As everyone made their way to order, Consumer E realised that the firmed choice of hazelnut hot chocolate was not desired any longer. Consumer E had been in such a great rush to get to the meeting that the needs had changed and now craved something cold and refreshing. The queue was terribly long, so Consumer E had plenty of time to evaluate alternatives. When the caramel Frappuccino had been ordered, Consumer E felt no warmth and friendliness from the staff, which is normally the atmosphere created in Starbucks. The staff did ask the  name of the consumer to write on the cup, which is a nice, personal touch. The member of staff questioned whether the consumer would enjoy cream on their beverage or would prefer without. Consumer E agreed to the cream and made the purchase of ?3.29. After making the purchase, Consumer E realised there was no up sell of snacks or biscuits which the felt was disappointing and thought effort was lacking from the staff members. When the drink was ready, it was made aware that it was served in a plastic cup even though the consumer had stated they were sitting in. When arriving back at the table to join the remaining group members, Consumer E felt slightly out of place as the other members were sipping from large, Starbucks stamped mugs. Their experience seemed more homely, warm and comforting whereas Consumer E felt their Frappuccino was over-priced to be served in a plastic cup, with a straw. The consumer understood that the type of drink is slightly different; however, the purchase made should not affect the overall experience of consuming in such a place where expectations are so high. Consumer E felt as though they had been given a take away, and although the beverage was lovely, it would have been more enjoyable if it had been consumed the same way as the other group members; from a mug like youre sitting at home! Overall, the experience of the purchase was slightly disappointing; however, Consumer E loves the social aspect of Starbucks. If the consumer had the chance to indulge in the atmosphere predicted before the purchase was made, then the outcome may have been different. CONSUMER COMPARISON Problem Recognition The consumers recognised a variety of reasons as to why they made their purchase. Consumer A was thirsty and wanted something quite filling, Consumer B wanted a drink and a snack, Consumer C wanted the convenience of a takeaway cup, Consumer D wanted a drink and was also hungry for a cake, and Consumer E also wanted a drink. All the consumers identified the need  for somewhere convenient and not too expensive to meet. Information Search The consumers used different methods of collecting information. The choice of Starbucks was largely based on all the consumers’ previous experiences and awareness of the brand, showing successful marketing, as all of the consumers noted that they had previously been and it was thought of as an easy and convenient choice. Consumer E, D and A admit to being regular customers, thus illustrating not only their brand loyalty but also how integrated the Starbucks brand is within consumers internal search, strong brand recall (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer E also used an external search by looking at the product options prior to their trip, comparing prices and calories. Additionally Consumer D recalled knowledge of one of the brands advertisements on their website. Evaluation of Alternatives The evaluation of alternatives was somewhat unique for each consumer. Consumer E had decided upon their purchase beforehand, Consumer D stuck to her favourite drink, whilst Consumers C, B and A perused the menu and made more impulsive decisions from the extensive menu. Consumer A was relatively price conscious. All the consumers evaluated whether they would enjoy the purchase beforehand and stuck to drinks they had tried before to avoid disappointment. Purchase Consumers had different experiences when making their purchases, despite it being the same staff. Whilst Consumer E was disappointed by the lack of up-sell, Consumer A thought this was a positive aspect of the experience as she felt that being pressured into purchasing more is a turn-off. Whilst Consumers A, C and D were okay with the price, Consumer B thought it slightly overpriced especially in relation to the manufacture cost of her tea; however all the consumers agreed on the enjoying the social aspects of  the Starbucks experience. Post-Purchase Evaluation The consumers post purchase evaluations also differed despite being together in the same Starbucks at the same time. Personal preference would be best identified as the driving force behind why some Consumers were more pleased with their purchases than others. Due to the nature of the products purchased the consumers were able to test the product immediately. Consumer A was pleased with her purchase despite a little post-purchase guilt and experiencing a little post purchase dissonance, Consumer E was left slightly disappointed with their purchase, whilst consumers B, C and D were all satisfied, describing it as a positive experience and purchase. Whilst Consumer E was left unhappy with the fact their frappacciano came in a take away cup, this was seen as a positive for Consumer C, for whom the ease of the plastic cup allowed them not to rush before heading to work commitments. CONCLUSION In conclusion, consumers A, B, C, D, and E, all used the Individual Decision Making Process when going about their purchase from Starbucks. Consumers A and purchased their drink through need as well as want, they were thirsty. Consumers C and were more driven by want as they weren’t particularly hungry or thirsty. In the Information search stage, all the consumers followed a relatively similar pattern, due to the high brand awareness of Starbucks and its easy availability. None of the consumers set an exact budget, but all the purchases retailed under ?7. On the whole all the Consumers, except consumer E who expressed a little disappointment, had a positive experience and Consumers E and D are already loyal customers. Therefore they are likely to go back and continue to purchase from Starbucks. The consumers’ decision making processes are somewhat unique and are more complex due to the extensive menu and options available. REFERENCES James R. Bettman, ‘The Decision Maker Who Came in from the Cold’ (presidential address), in Leigh McAllister and Michael Rothschild (eds), Advances in Consumer Research 20 (Provo, U.T.: Association for Consumer Research, 1993): 7-11; John W. Payne, James R. Bettman and Eric J. Johnson, ‘Behavioural decision research: A constructive processing perspective’, Annul Review of psychology 4 (1992): 87-131; J.R. Bettman, M.F Luce and J.W. Payne ‘Constructive consumer choice processes’, Journal of Consumer Research 25(3) (December 1998): 187-217; for an overview of recent developments in individual choice models, see Robert J. Meyer and Barbara E. Kahn, ‘Probabilistic Models of Consumer Choice Behaviour’, in Thomas S. Robertson and Harold H. Kassarjian (eds), Handbook of Consumer Behaviour (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991): 85-123. Cited in Consumer Behaviour a European Perspective, 2010, fourth edition: Prentice Hall Michael R. Solomon, Gary Damossy, Soren Askegaard, Margaret K. Hogg, 2010, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, Fourth Edition: Prentice Hall http://starbucks.co.uk/promo/mondays-can-be-great Solomon, Bamossy, Askegarrd and Hogg, (2006), Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall. Arnould. E, Price. L, Zinkhan. G, (2004). Consumers, (2nd ed), McGraw-Hill.

Women in the Middle Ages Essay -- essays research papers fc

The medieval woman was allowed a larger measure of freedom and status than the usual image we have of the Middle Ages. Women were allowed to own property and inherit from their family. Some women were employed and some were in charge of businesses. Among the upper class, women were as educated as their male counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Europe, women were allowed to inherit property from both their fathers and their husbands. In most cases, whatever the woman brought into a marriage in the form of a dowery was hers, even if her husband divorced her. If a woman was childless or her children were to young to inherit, she would control her husband’s property after his death. This was common because of the trend of women in their teens marrying men 10-20 years older.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some women gained control of their husband’s property because they left for the crusades and the wife ran the business in the husband’s absence. Some men were gone for years and some never returned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women had control of certain areas of commerce of their own volition. Silk spinning was almost exclusively â€Å"women’s work† Women manufactured purses and ladies hats, too. And in some parts of Europe, such as Paris, they were allowed to run brothels and taverns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Hollister Sourcebook, there is a picture from a French manuscript depicting a woman as an artist painting a woman. The caption states women of the Middle Ages participated in the business world in a way that only men would be allowed to in later times, which included â€Å"trade, banking, the direction of business enterprises, textile manufacturing, brewing, tax collecting, money lending, illuminating and copying books,... and a variety of other activities.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women could even belong to guilds and some taught their knowledge, not only in artisan occupations, but also reading, writing and arithmetic. A woman could be as educated as her male counterpart. Women also were midwives and often served as a sort of doctor giving medical advice and dispensed medications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The town of Sardinia provides an interesting look into the life of the medieval woman. In Sardinia, a woman could own property and retain a separate title to her own property she brought into a marriage. It was the custom of ... ...ld membership in guilds. They could conduct business and own property. Not only that but their status in the church changes in the Middle Ages to one of more acceptance and they become the subject for artistic expressions in pictures, poetry, songs and books. It was a unique period in history for women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BIBLIOGRAPHY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erler, Mary, and Maryanne Kowaleski. â€Å"Women and Power in the Middle Ages†. The University of Georgia Press. 1988.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hollister, C. Warren. â€Å"Medieval Europe: A Short History†. The McGraw-Hill Companies. 1998.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hollister, C. Warren, Joe W. Leedom, Marc A. Meyer, David S. Spear. â€Å"Medieval Europe: A Short Sourcebook†. The McGraw-Hill Companies. 1997.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LeGoff, Jacques. â€Å"Medieval Civilization†. Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1988.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shafar, Shulamith. â€Å"The Fourth Estate†. Methuen & Co., Ltd. 1983.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

John Watson and B.F. Skinner Essay

There are several theories out there on child development, but I’d like to share with you the theory that I believe in and connect with the most. This theory is called Behaviorism and Social- Learning and can be attributed to a psychologist named John Watson (1878-1958) and B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Watson using classical conditioning which means the learning that takes place based on an association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit response. It is important to note that in classical conditioning, the stimulus comes before the behavior or response. Skinner using operant conditioning which is defined as a process in which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. John Watson and B.F. Skinner introduced this theory and felt that children learned through a system of stimulus/ response events. Watson and Skinner use nurture approach. Development is based upon learned behaviors which are based upon a child’s interactions with their environment and influenced by positive or negative reinforcement. Reinforcement can be both positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is something good for children, whereas negative reinforcement is something unpleasant, but remember this is not to be confused with punishment. One knows there are some drawbacks is that it does not account for children’s culture, their values, and their social influences such as the special relationship between them and their parent or peers. Social learning theory addresses these concerns. As child growing up with my brother my parents used  positive and negative reinforcement. When we did not receive a passing grade we would have to stay inside and work extra hard to pass the next test, or if the gave credit. But if we received a passing grade we would be rewarded by going out to dinner of our choice or getting ice cream. If we did chores around the house we had a choice between the prize or money. If we did not complete the chore we would not receive anything. Most of the time when we did not complete the chore we would get upset, so my parents would explain that when you do a chore you get rewarded, but if you do not do your chores you will not receive anything. I use Behaviorism and Social Learning theory while working with children. If the child had a good day at school I would give them something from the prize box when someone came to get them from school. When they did not have a good day at school and they receive nothing from the prize box, and when someone come to get them I would explain why happened at school, and that is why the child cant receive anything from the prize box today. I am not a parent yet, but when I do become a parent I will be use John Watson and B.F. Skinner theory in teaching my children.

Social Penetration Theory ( Altman And Taylor s Theory

Social Penetration Theory Hermeet Kalsi, Ancheta Aaron, Millie, Stephanie, Lucà ­a Skinner Mission College Social Penetration Theory (Altman and Taylor’s, 1973) The Social Penetration Theory interpersonal communication was proposed by the psychologists and theorists, Altman and Taylor in 1973, with the idea of offering an explanation for the closeness or intimacy that can develop between two people. â€Å"The social penetration theory states that as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, no intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones.†(Altman and Taylor in 1973.) They also proposed that this process towards closeness, is regulated by self-disclosure that moves slowly and orderly, from superficial to intimate. Self-disclosure is voluntary communication of information about one s self to another and vice-versa and it is based on a cost-reward model. The theory is also known as the â€Å"Onion Theory† since Altman and Taylor explained self-disclosure by comparing it to the layers of an onion that has â€Å"breadth† and â€Å"depth. Breadth includes the different superficial areas of a personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s life like family, work, neighborhood, hobbies, community, etc. â€Å"Depth† is â€Å"the degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual’s life†, going from the outside to the inside, from superficial relationship to an intimate relationship. According to Altmar and Taylor, people’s characters are like onions with many layers, meaning that in interpersonalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Altman And Dalmas Taylor s Social Penetration Theory1275 Words   |  6 Pageslives. This cycle of developing, cultivating, and sustaining or ending these relationships continues everyday for our entire lives, and as a result many different theories have been developed to describe just how a complete stranger can become a lifelong friend. 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